The Russian Orthodox Church held significant spiritual and political power.
Complete exemption from taxes, recruitment, and physical punishment. They controlled the local administration and the military. 3. The Merchantry uchebnik 8 klassa kosulina konspekt 14 paragrafa
Status passed from parents to children.
This group included artisans, small shopkeepers, and low-level employees. They paid the poll tax, provided recruits for the army, and were subject to corporal punishment. Summary of Change The Russian Orthodox Church held significant spiritual and
The beginning of the 19th century saw a slow transition. While the estate system remained rigid, the under Alexander I was a first, though small, step toward allowing serfs to buy their freedom, signaling that the old social order was beginning to crack. They paid the poll tax, provided recruits for
Highest tier, allowed to conduct foreign trade and exempt from corporal punishment. 2nd/3rd Guilds: Focused on domestic and local trade.
Belonged to noble landowners. They had no rights, could be sold, and performed either Barshchina (labor on the lord's land) or Obrok (cash payments).