: This era saw the birth of Kiezdeutsch and its French equivalent, Verlan , which blended Arabic, African, and slang terms into French, effectively bypassing the "pure" language goals of the Toubon Law.
: It was designed to preserve French linguistic heritage against the perceived hegemony of English-language (primarily American) pop and rap. 2. The Rise of French Hip-Hop Quot Grev Quot Hiphop
: By the late 1990s, France became the second-largest market for hip-hop in the world, trailing only the United States. 3. The "Strike" (Grève) and Social Context : This era saw the birth of Kiezdeutsch