Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe 【FRESH • 2025】

The Apostolic Age and the rise of the Pentarchy.

The breaking point of 1054 and the Fall of Constantinople (1453).

The 7 Ecumenical Councils and the definition of core dogmas. Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe

The Ecumenical Patriarch was granted religious and administrative authority over all Orthodox Christians in the empire, preserving the faith under Islamic rule.

Thesis statement: The Orthodox Church maintained early Christian traditions while adapting to geopolitical shifts, resulting in a unique synthesis of theology, culture, and national identity. The Apostolic Age and the rise of the Pentarchy

The "Rum Millet" system under Ottoman occupation.

was strictly defended at the Seventh Council (787 AD), cementing visual art as a core component of Orthodox theology and worship. The Great Schism of 1054 was strictly defended at the Seventh Council (787

The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked a major turning point.